Doctrine of Intention in the Law of Courts - 1204 Words

DOCTRINE OF INTENTION IN THE LAW OF COURTS A contract is an agreement between two or more competent parties in which an offer is made and accepted, and each party benefits. When we look to see if a valid contract has been formed we look at the formation of the contract i.e. offer, acceptance, consideration and Intention to create legal relationships. This is an integral part of contract law. In England and most civil law countries existence of a contract depends on a theory that parties intend to be legally bound. The rule dates back to 1919’s where the court dismissed that a husband can be enforced to pay a fixed amount of sum he promised his wife. The doctrine of intention focuses primarily on whether both parties intend to be legally†¦show more content†¦Presumption can be seen in action in the case of (Esso Petroleum Ltd V Commissioners Of Custom amp; Excise) where substantial and concrete evidence is required to rebut presumption in commercial agreements. Presumption can be contradicted by an express term which clearly shows that parties do not intend to have legal relations e.g. â€Å"Subject to contract† and honour clauses as seen in the case of Rose and Franck Co V H R Crompton and Bros It can be said that intention to create legal relations was used as a tool by courts so that they can differentiate between the commercial agreements that courts supported had some sort of bargain , something for something and the social and domestic agreements did not. Due to courts discretion in such agreements intention can be a difficult doctrine to anticipate. Over the passing years society has changed a lot in attitude and that has led courts to change their approach towards this firmShow MoreRelatedThe Doctrine Of Privity, Developed By The Common Law, Worked Before The 1999 Act955 Words   |  4 PagesThe doctrine of privity, developed by the common law, worked before the 1999 Act. Cases such as Tweddle v Atkinson, Dunlop v Selfridge , Beswick v Beswick clearly elucidate the above statement. However, the doctrine of privity wasn’t without its flaws for even though it provided certainty, it led to socially unjustifiable results. The 1999 Act was passed to mitigate the harsh results that the courts came to using the doctrine. The doctrine of privity operates to exclude claims from third partiesRead MoreThe Rules Of Law Must Be Prepared1632 Words   |  7 PagesThe rules of law must be prepared to justify themselves against criticism and therefore it seems appropriate to consider the rules which under the common law prescripts what are the essential requirement by which it is determined whether an agreement can be legally obliged. It appears whether an approach can be adopted by the Court is when there is a seriousness intention to enter into such obligations which is enforceable at law. Of course, if there is no incapacity or impossibility in circumstancesRead MoreCommercial Law Case Study Essay922 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the Australian Constitution, the power to make laws vested in the parliament , whilst the power to interpret laws and to judge whether they apply in individual cases, vested in the High Court and other federal courts. In fact, one of the major function of the high court is to interpret the Constitution. For instance, the High Court of Australia may rule a law to be unconstitutional, that is beyond the power of parliament to make, and therefore of no effect. Such a circumstance wouldRead MoreThe Origin of the Doctrine775 Words   |  4 Pagespromise.†1 Whilst the doctrine of consideration does, in some cases, cause parties to experience injustice, sometimes something that the courts fail to resolve, consideration is a crucial element to the formation of a legally binding contract. This paper will not only explain why the High Court should not abolish the requirement for consideration but will also highlight its usefulness in contract formation. Origin of the Doctrine of Consideration The origin of the doctrine of consideration can traceRead MoreStatutory Interpretation And The Doctrine Of Judicial Precedent929 Words   |  4 Pages†¢ There is, in fact, no such thing as judge-made law, for the judges do not make the law, though they frequently have to apply existing law to circumstances as to which it has not previously been authoritatively laid down that such law is applicable’. Lord Esher MR in Willis v Baddeley [1892] 2 QB 324 (CA) 326 With reference to the rules of Statutory Interpretation and the doctrine of judicial precedent, discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with this statement. CONSIDER STATUTORYRead MoreResponsible Corporate Officer Doctrine For The Health Care Organization907 Words   |  4 Pagesrequirement as long the corporate compliance is in place for the duration. Responsible Corporate Officer Doctrine- Question 3: 10 minutes 3.) What important aspects do you find in the Responsible Corporate Officer Doctrine to be beneficial for the health care organization? Any changes to the (HCO) to be implemented with the use of the Doctrine? The critical aspects in the Responsible Corporate Officer Doctrine that are beneficial for the health care organization are in many ways. There are provisions thatRead MoreDoctrine of Covering Th Filed1521 Words   |  7 PagesThe doctrine of covering the field is a doctrine in constitutional theory that applies in federal constitutions where legislative powers are shared between the federal government and the federating states in Enumerated Lists. It applies only to legislative acts (statutes) made by the federal and state legislatures under the Concurrent Legislative List. In the US, the expression, covering the same ground, was used in Houston v Moore 18 US 1 (1820). The doctrine simply means that where there is aRead MoreThe Doctrine Of Direct Effect And State Liability1671 Words   |  7 Pages The Issue relates to the application of the doctrine of direct effect, and possibly the application of indirect effect and state liability if require in pursuant of invoking the EU Transfer of Pensions Directive (TPD) in a UK national court (NC) in light of the UK’s national legislation which evidently fails to completely encompass the directive. Directives are a secondary source of European Union (EU) legislation which in accordance with Art 288 of the EC: are binding on the EU Member StatesRead MoreRouchefoucald v Boustead Essays1506 Words   |  7 Pagesof Frauds does not prevent the proof of a fraud; and that it is a fraud on the part of the person to whom the land is conveyed as a trustee, and who knows it was so conveyed, to deny the trust and claim the land himself’. Section 53(1)(b) of the Law of Property Act 1925 provides that ‘a declaration of trust respecting any land or any interest therein must be manifested and proved by some writing signed by some person who is able to declare such trust or by his will’. S53(1)(b) indicates that inRead MoreEssay The Immense Power of Judges in the United Kingdom802 Words   |  4 PagesThe statement made above is true to a certain extent. The legal system in the United Kingdom is mainly based on The Doctrine of the Separation of Powers, which is written in the 18th century by a French philosopher called Montesquieu. Montesquieu, believed that in order to have a ‘fair’ legal system, the functions should be divided into 3 different bodies of power in a state. This was to prevent absolute power in either one person or a body of people. He believed that by giving one person or a body

Antoine Lavoisier - 907 Words

Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (lah vwah ZYAY) was one of the best-known French scientists and was an important government official. His theories of combustion, his development of a way to classify the elements and the first modern textbook of chemistry led to his being known as the father of modern chemistry. He contributed to much of the research in the field of chemistry. He is quoted for saying, Nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed. Lavoisier was born in Paris, France on Aug. 26, 1743. When he was eleven years old he attended a college called Mazain. For Lavoisiers last two years in college he found a great deal of interest in science. He received an excellent education and†¦show more content†¦With French astronomer and mathematician Pierre Simon Laplace, Lavoisier conducted experiments on the respiration in animals. Their studies showed a similarity between ordinary chemical reactions and the processes that happen in l iving organisms. These experiments were the basis for the science now known as biochemistry. Lavoisier also helped to develop a system for naming chemical substances based on their composition. This system is still in use. He made the very first modern chemistry text named Traiteacute; eleacute;mentaire de chimie (Elements of Chemistry). Many consider it the first textbook on modern chemistry. Here for the first time the elements are laid out systematically. His list included many compounds, which were thought to be elements at the time. Lavoisier worked out reactions in chemical equations that respect the conservation of mass. As a government official, Lavoisier was successful in creating agricultural reform, serving as a tax collection official, and overseeing the governments manufacture of gunpowder. On 1775 he was made commissioner of gunpowder. He was asked to improve the quality of French gunpowder. This boosted his career. Politically, Lavoisier was a moderate constitutionali st, and Marat and other radicals hated him because of this. He became involved in the Ferme Generale, a private tax-collection firm, which became a target during the Terror. When the Reign of Terror erupted in France, LavoisierShow MoreRelated Antoine Lavoisier Essay example870 Words   |  4 PagesAntoine Lavoisier Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (lah vwah ZYAY) was one of the best-known French scientists and was an important government official. His theories of combustion, his development of a way to classify the elements and the first modern textbook of chemistry led to his being known as the father of modern chemistry. He contributed to much of the research in the field of chemistry. He is quoted for saying, Nothing is lost, nothing is created, everythingRead MoreJean Antoine Laurent Lavoisier And The Kings Of France2350 Words   |  10 PagesAntoine-Laurent Lavoisier was born in Paris, France, August 26, 1743. Lavoisier’s parents, Jean-Antoine Lavoisier, a lawyer, and Emilie Punctis, belonged to a rich and influential family. Lavoisier’s father was also a member of the prestigious Order of Barristers. Lavoisier’s family had been of service to the kings of France. Lavoisier’s had one sibling, her name was Marie Marguerite Emilie. She was born in 1745. Lavoisier’s sister died at the age of fifteen. Their mother died when Lavoisier wasRead MoreThe Father Of Chemistry By Antoine Lavoisier904 Words   |  4 PagesAntoine Lavoisier, also known as â€Å"the father of chemistry†, was born on August 26, 1743 in Paris, France. His father was a lawyer, and his mother passed away when he was five years old. Lavoisier attended the College de Quarte Nations for his formal education in 1754. There, Antoine became very interested in the sciences. He studied subjects such as chemistry, botany, astronomy, and mathematics. Although science seemed to spark Lavoisier’s interest throughout his schooling, he decided to follow inRead MoreThe Contributions Of Science And Science3124 Words   |  13 Pagesobserving the timeline of modern science, and all the abridgments made to it over the past few centuries, one cannot help but ponder upon the course that science took to reach what it is today. We are aware of the pioneers of science such as Newton, Lavoisier, Stahl, Joule, Maxwell, Einstein etc, and all of the groundbreaking contributions these extraordinary individuals made to mould sci ence into what we today know it to be. Over the course of History of Science, we have examined the various factorsRead MoreThe History of Chemistry Essay844 Words   |  4 Pagesearly Stone Age when man made fire. Chemistry is the study of chemical composition and properties of matter and the reactions of that matter. The study of any living thing involves chemistry. Without famous chemists like Dmitri Mendeleev, Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier, Albert Einstein, John Dalton, and other great chemists we would be clueless to the wonderful, confusing, and very much needed world of chemistry. Before chemistry society did not know about elements, they did not know about substancesRead MoreThe Historical Development Of Areas Of Knowledge1621 Words   |  7 Pagesphlogiston compounds, and that combustion was the release of phlogiston into the air. However, no one could account as to why, if a substance released phlogiston, it would gain volume and/or mass. Years later, in between 1770 and 1790, scientist Antoine Lavoisier disproved the phlogiston theory by introducing the concept of oxidation and reduction, where elements and/or compounds react with oxygen to either release or gain oxygen. He proved that oxygen did have a mass and used the reactions between variousRead MorePart A HISTORY of the PERIODIC TABLE Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier discovered both hydrogen and600 Words   |  3 PagesPart A HISTORY of the PERIODIC TABLE Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier discovered both hydrogen and oxygen, although it is said that Henry Cavendish had earlier uncovered hydrogen. Lavoisier also helped create the metric systems (source 1). He wrote the first extensive list of elements containing 33 elements and distinguished metals and non-metals (source 5). Him and his area of work were particularly interested in compounds, element weight and chemical reaction (source 6). Dimitri Mendeleev arrangedRead MoreChemical Reaction : Chemical Reactions948 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst studies in the area of chemical reaction where on the gases, with the identification of Oxygen in the 18th century by Joseph Priestly. The influence of Antoine Lavoisier a french chemist is especially notable. Lavoisier discovered and identified 33 elements. Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Lavoisier work on gases lead to the Law of Conservation of Matter which states that matter can neither be created or destroyed. Equally notable is the English chemistRead MoreThe Theory Of The Scientific Revolution1255 Words   |  6 Pagessciences, political economy, and attaining demography statistics. The field of mathematics including the branches of geometry, calculus, and number probability, was logical and gave order in the chaotic world. The scientists Robert Boyle and Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier discovered concepts that are the foundation for modern chemistry. Boyle was a scientist specializing in chemistry and physics. He is often called the father of chemistry because his work paved the way for future chemists. Boyle is most wellRead MoreChemical Reactions. . A Chemical Reaction Is A â€Å"Chemical1009 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst studies in the area of chemical reaction where on the gases, with the identification of Oxygen in the 18th century by Joseph Priestly. The influence of Antoine Lavoisier a french chemist is especially notable. Lavoisier discovered and identified 33 elements. Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Lavoisier work on gases lead to the Law of Conservation of Matter which states that matter can neither be created or destroyed. Equally notable is the English chemist

Changing Nature of Workplace-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Analyse the Changes in Workplace. Answer: Introduction The report is based on the analysis of the changing nature of workplace from the 1990s to the year 2017. The traditional systems and arrangement of the workplace have changed and this has an impact on the role of the managers in the organizations as well the studies related to management. The full-time employees in the organization are being replaced by the part time and contract based employees. The traditional models of business have also changed from the last ten years. The changes in the workplace environment have caused many changes in the recruitment processes of the organizations as well (Underhill 2013). The main objective of this report is to analyse these changes and the impacts on the managers of the organizations. Discussion of the changing nature of work The nature of work in the organizations has changed a lot in the last 10 to 15 years. The work process in todays business environment has become more cognitive in nature. As discussed by Gorm and Shklovski (2016), the process related to work in the organizations is more collaborative in nature and based on the teams. The organizations are therefore more dependent on the social skills of the employees and their competence with the new and changing technologies. The processes of the organizations are more dependent on the time related aspects. The organizations try to adapt with the changing environment by bringing continuous changes in their work process so that they can gain advantage over their competition in the market. As argued by Marginson (2015), the changes that have occurred in the organizations in the recent times are as discussed further. The hierarchical structure of the organizations is reduced so that the problems raised in the organizations can be solved faster as compa red to the previous situations. The structure of the organizations has also changed in the modern business environments and the employees work together as teams to achieve their goals. The employees are managed in different ways and they are expected to be committed towards the goals of the organization rather than just complying with the rules and procedures. The structure and procedures of the organizations are going through continuous changes so that they can adapt to the external environment and the changes related to the technologies. Predictions of changes that can occur in the future The workplace environment is expected to go through much more changes in the near future as well. The external environment of the workplace and the factors related to this including the political, economic, social, legal and environmental aspects are expected to change. The workplace will be mostly affected by the technological changes that will occur in the future. The organizations need to adapt to the technological changes in the external environment and develop their work processes to embed the changes. The team work and social abilities of the employees will also act an important factor in the future organizations. Collaborative work will be necessary for the successful operations of the organizations and the work processes. Analysis of the impacts of these changes on the employees and managers As discussed by Manuti et al. (2015), the changes in the workplace environment have also affected the work process of the employees and the managers of the organization. The managers of the organizations need to work collaboratively with the employees rather than just giving them orders or making rules. The employees are considered to be the stakeholders of the company and they can place their opinion in the decisions made by the company. The managers need to build strong relationships with the employees of the organizations so that they can influence and motivate them to achieve their goals (Unsworth, Dmitrieva and Adriasola 2013). The motivation that is provided to the employees by the managers helps them in achieving their goals and thereby increase the profitability of the organizations. Strains, dilemmas and contradictions regarding the changes The reduction in the hierarchy of the organizations has brought many dilemmas in the organization as the managers now have to work collaboratively with the employees instead of placing orders. On the other hand, the responsibility on the employees have also increased. Hence, this has caused stress in the organization for the employees and the managers as well to adapt to the changes (Tulgan 2017). Ways by which a manager can survive in the changing environment According to Putnam, Myers and Gailliard (2014), the changes in the organizational environment can cause loss in the productivity of the employees or fall in their quality of work as well. The duty of the manager is to help the employees to adapt to the changes that have occurred in the organization. The manager can survive in the changed environment by understanding the changes properly and communicating the changes in the organizations as well. The managers need to rationalize the changes for the employees and make them understand the positive effects of these changes. In this manner the manager can survive in the changed environment along with the employees. Conclusion The report is based on the analysis of the changes that have occurred in the workplace environment in the past few years. The effects of these changes on the managers and the employees of the organizations are also analysed in the report. The changes in the work process of the organization has occurred due to the changes in the external environment. The problems faced by the managers and the employees due to the changes in the environment are analysed in detail. The report is concluded with the learning the changes in the workplace is necessary to keep pace with the external environment of the organization. Reflective analysis The process that I have undertaken to answer the topic is the analysis of the two journal articles based on the given topic and the various aspects of the topic as well. I could have also done the analysis based on any real life example of workplace changes. The key topic that I have selected in the analysis is the effect of the changes in the workplace on the employees and managers if the organization. The information that I have selected for the analysis is enough to explain the topic. References Gorm, N. and Shklovski, I., 2016, May. Sharing steps in the workplace: Changing privacy concerns over time. InProceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(pp. 4315-4319). ACM. Lyons, S.T., Ng, E.S. and Schweitzer, L., 2014. Changing demographics and the shifting nature of careers: Implications for research and human resource development.Human Resource Development Review,13(2), pp.181-206. Manuti, A., Pastore, S., Scardigno, A.F., Giancaspro, M.L. and Morciano, D., 2015. Formal and informal learning in the workplace: a research review.International Journal of Training and Development,19(1), pp.1-17. Marginson, P., 2015. The changing nature of collective employment relations.Employee Relations,37(6), pp.645-657. Putnam, L.L., Myers, K.K. and Gailliard, B.M., 2014. Examining the tensions in workplace flexibility and exploring options for new directions.Human Relations,67(4), pp.413-440. Tulgan, B., 2017. The Changing Nature of Employment: What Will Be the Successful Organization of the Future?.Employment Relations Today,44(2), pp.5-11. Underhill, E., 2013. The challenge to workplace health and safety and the changing nature of work and the workplace environment.Australian workplace relations, pp.191-208. Unsworth, K.L., Dmitrieva, A. and Adriasola, E., 2013. Changing behaviour: Increasing the effectiveness of workplace interventions in creating pro?environmental behaviour change.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(2), pp.211-229.

The Human Resources Management at Toyota Essay Example For Students

The Human Resources Management at Toyota Essay Toyota Motor Corporation is one of the universe ‘s 2nd largest successful companies in doing cars by gross revenues and production after General Motors. The secret behind their success is that TMC direction has relied on the right choice for their employees whereby TMC can distinguish between appliers which one can make full a peculiar occupation in footings of their public presentation in the occupation to accomplish balance and harmoniousness between the demands and responsibilities of the occupation and between their properties, makings and features every bit good as development of the human component which enables callings development in the organisation because accomplishing the ends depends on it which is considered the most valuable resources to the direction and the most influential in productiveness at all. Besides, TMC disposal develops and improves the HR as it is the basis to heighten the organisation capacity and enable the organisation to maintain up with current and future challenges because they believe that HR is the ground for high net incomes or low net incomes in any corporation. HR can strongly lend in accomplish ing any corporation aims and do it profitable and can be a fiscal load on the corporation. We will write a custom essay on The Human Resources Management at Toyota specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now TMC creates a good working environment for their employees and supply them with more calling chances beside supplying them with O §U„U†¦O §O?USO © U?O §U„U†¦O?U† U?USO © incentives to mobilise their productiveness and creativeness. Besides they organize educational plans. Furthermore, the disposal is committed to develop and develop all of their employees through preparation plans because they believe that acquisition is indispensable to increase the efficiency of the organisation and the employees, so TMC and its subordinates provides appropriate chances for its employees to prosecute higher instruction and specialisation in their Fieldss. As to accomplish the best investing in HR, TMC has developed a comprehensive policy for reassigning and transfering among their subdivisions and offices in the universe. Analyst in the cars sector estimated that if Toyota continued this manner it will get the better of General Motors and go the first largest cars maker in the universe. Outline1 Three keys of HRM activities2 Compensation and Benefits3 Employee and Labour Relations4 Safety and Health5 HRM academic theoretical accounts6 Harvard Model7 Human resource flow8 Employee influence9 Reward Systems10 Work system11 Hard attack12 Choice13 Appraisal14 Wagess15 Development16 Decision17 Plants Cited Three keys of HRM activities I would wish to work in private sector organisations, and Toyota is one of these organisations. Their Human Resources Department Functions are interesting because it includes a assortment of activities and they can pull off all the HR maps. Compensation and Benefits Wages, fillips, ill leave wage, compensations of workers and insurance such as alveolar consonant and life are covered by compensation and benefits. Developing and administering a benefits compensation system are the duties of TMC HR Dept. this system serves as an incentive and do them to vouch that the enlisting and the retirement of gifted and skilled employees will remain in the organisation. The compensation and benefit director explains for the hired employees their benefits package by run intoing one by one or in little groups. Finally, employees are obligated to do an informed determination and their signature is needed for processing intents. Employee and Labour Relations These yearss the unethical patterns and misbehavior has increased in workplace, this includes race, gender, faith favoritism and sexual torments. TMC ensures that all of there employees are reasonably treated harmonizing to their compulsory conformity to the jurisprudence regulations and ordinances. Concisely, if there were any authorization maltreatments by the supervisor to lower employees, they have a topographic point to turn on and the TMC HR Department will acquire involved as arbiter and liaison the employees and legal entity to work out this issue in a proper manner. .u46e20817d3ea3f1a8e650ea9f8cd26c9 , .u46e20817d3ea3f1a8e650ea9f8cd26c9 .postImageUrl , .u46e20817d3ea3f1a8e650ea9f8cd26c9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u46e20817d3ea3f1a8e650ea9f8cd26c9 , .u46e20817d3ea3f1a8e650ea9f8cd26c9:hover , .u46e20817d3ea3f1a8e650ea9f8cd26c9:visited , .u46e20817d3ea3f1a8e650ea9f8cd26c9:active { border:0!important; } .u46e20817d3ea3f1a8e650ea9f8cd26c9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u46e20817d3ea3f1a8e650ea9f8cd26c9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u46e20817d3ea3f1a8e650ea9f8cd26c9:active , .u46e20817d3ea3f1a8e650ea9f8cd26c9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u46e20817d3ea3f1a8e650ea9f8cd26c9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u46e20817d3ea3f1a8e650ea9f8cd26c9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u46e20817d3ea3f1a8e650ea9f8cd26c9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u46e20817d3ea3f1a8e650ea9f8cd26c9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u46e20817d3ea3f1a8e650ea9f8cd26c9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u46e20817d3ea3f1a8e650ea9f8cd26c9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u46e20817d3ea3f1a8e650ea9f8cd26c9 .u46e20817d3ea3f1a8e650ea9f8cd26c9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u46e20817d3ea3f1a8e650ea9f8cd26c9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Catcher and the Rye / Huckleberry Finn EssaySafety and Health TMC is concerned for their employees overall physical and mental wellbeing and believes that healthy employees will supply the basis for better quality of life. So, they do their best to supply them with extra chances and their households to have medical intervention which will lend to life quality for employees and keep the effectual part to the organisation. HRM academic theoretical accounts Harvard Model This theoretical account sees that employees as resources but non like other resources as they can non be managed. In other words, it concentrate on people results and concern public presentation and stakeholder involvements are does non ranked This theoretical account states that diverseness of the personal relation activities can be dealt with four human resources classs or constabularies Human resource flow This is about pull offing people flows into and out of the corporation which means determinations are made on enlisting, choice, arrangement and publicity. Employee influence This is bout how much authorization, duty, and power is volitionally delegated by the direction and by whom. Reward Systems States how employees get rewarded for their work whether it was externally or internally and these wagess should be pay systems and benefits such as wellness insurance. These leads to motive and employees occupation satisfaction. Work system Is the agreement of people, information, activities and engineering in all of the organisation degrees. These four HR policies, leads to other HR policies which are called the four Cs and these 4C ‘s are commitment, competency, congruity and cost effectivity. I believe that TMC follow the Harvard Model because And hold or DIS both are committed to employees ; needs every bit long as the steps taken to run into those demands remain consistent with the scheme of the organisation and direction purposes. Guest claims his theoretical account is more straightforward that the Harvard theoretical account because he merely prescribes that improved execution of merely seven HRM policies will ensue in better HR results Hard attack This theoretical account considered difficult HRM 1 because it emphasizes that employees are treated as agencies to accomplish the scheme of the organisation. This attack focuses on the organisation and how can it react to the external environment. This attack argues that Human Recourses rhythm affects the person and organisation public presentation. And there are four maps which are: Choice Choice people who are able to execute a occupation in a best manner Appraisal Measuring the employee public presentation to ease the just distribution of wagess and associating these wagess to high degrees of direction Wagess Development Enhance employees current public presentation likewise to fix them to execute in future places that they might keep. Harder attack is considered hard HRM as it is based on strategic control, orgnizational construction and pull offing people systems Decision Plants Cited Baehr, Ann. Human Resources Development. 2010. 27 9 2010 A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/12514/careers_and_job_hunting/how_hr_works_to_get_the_job_done.html A ; gt ;. Human Resources Managment Contribution. 26 9 2010 A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oppapers.com/essays/Human-Resources-Management-Contribution/289845 A ; gt ;. Liker, Jeffrey K. and Michael Hoseus. Human Resources Executive Online. 1 11 2008. 28 9 2010 A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hreonline.com/HRE/story.jsp? storyId=142379047 A ; gt ;. McNamara, Carter. Human Resources Management. 27 9 2010 A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //managementhelp.org/hr_mgmnt/hr_mgmnt.htm # anchor727105 A ; gt ;. Aims of Human Resources Managment. 4 10 2010 A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scribd.com/doc/2466214/Objectives-of-Human-Resources-Management A ; gt ;. Strategic Human Resources In World Airline Industry. 30 9 2010 A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oppapers.com/essays/Strategic-Human-Resource-Management-World-Airline/138251 A ; gt ;. Toyota. 27 9 2010 A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.toyotauk.com/main/download/pdf/Human % 20resources % 20at % 20TMUK.pdf A ; gt ;.

Tarantino essays

Tarantino essays Tarantino: Writer, Director, Actor, Lunatic Youve seen it before. Its been mocked in several movies. You may have even pretended to do it with your buddies. Its the slow motion walk scene from Quentin Tarantinos Reservoir Dogs. Little did Tarantino know, that this scene though would set his life into fast forward and secure his place as one of the greatest filmmakers of all time. From Reservoir Dogs to Kill Bill Volume Two, Tarantino has turned Hollywood and the world upside down with his edgy and gruesome movies, not only as a writer/director but also as an actor as well. Tarantino began his passion as a clerk at a video store in L.A. Tarantino first started by writing the script to the movie True Romance about an in-experienced call girl and comic book nerd. This movie really set Tarantino on the map as a promising, new, young, artist with great ideas. With his foot in the door Tarantino was ready to take the step from new and young to brilliant and innovative. Reservoir Dogs premiered in 1992 at the Sundance Film Festival. This movie was really the first step for Tarantino to go out and set him self apart from most other directors. Tarantino uses several shots in most of his movies and first used some in this great epic. He borrows Scorceses trunk shot showing the view out of a trunk as people look in. He also shows a bloody Nova, which is also shown in Pulp Fiction. Tarantino has always used several different styles to get his point across. He especially likes gangster films, as evident in Reservoir Dogs, Samurai movies and westerns. ...

Top 8 Jobs for Cat Lovers

Top 8 Jobs for Cat Lovers are you a cat person? cats are much more independent than dogs. cat lovers tend to be open-minded, and respectful of cats’ ability to think for themselves. cat lovers are often introverted, sensitive and intelligent. their jobs should allow them to work independently. of course, finding a perfect career isn’t as easy as picking a side on the dog person or cat person debate. but if you are a cat lover and would rather hang out with cats than people, consider these occupations:1. cat sitter[via imgur.com]people love their cats and they want the best cat sitter to look after their cats. it is not easy to find a good cat sitter. many pet sitters aren’t cat people and thus don’t understand cat’s little quirks. if you love spending time with cats, and want to be your own boss, consider starting your own cat sitting business.to become a responsible and professional cat sitter, you should definitely look into taking first aid and cpr courses. get liability insurance and bond if that’s a requirement in your state.make yourself visible in the community, spread the words. it is especially effective if you start sitting your friends and family cats, build up your resume. you could also post flyers at local veterinary offices, animal rescue centers, and pet stores. you can also start your social media channels. cats and pet lovers are all over instagram, facebook and pinterest.2. cat writer or bloggerif writing is your thing and you obviously love cats, become a cat writer or blogger! start your own blog, write about cat food, cat health or cat fun. you can also reach out to established pet blogs and offer to write for them. you never know where it might take you.kate benjamin started her blog, moderncat.com, in 2008 to share her favorite design finds for cat lovers. she has expanded her blog to include a design studio, a distribution business and an online magazine for design conscious cat people.check out cat writer association if you are interested in starting your career as a cat writer.3. cat cafà © ownerthe cat cafà © is finally trending in europe and the united states. the first cat cafà © opened in taiwan in 1998. cat lovers who cannot have their own cat can visit cat cafà ©. usually, it is so popular among locals and tourists, and it is usually fully booked a month or so in advance.people visit cat cafà © to play and relax with cats. playing with cats can be such a stress reliever, it is especially popular in dense cities. in addition to making a profit from food and drinks, you can also charge adminission fee. you can even turn your cafà © into a cat shop.4. catnip sellera catnip bag costs around $2, and you can make a huge profit from selling toys filled with catnip. catnip sellers are known as the drug dealer of the cat world! you can sell these on amazon, etsy or even start your own online store. you can get your supply from your local pet shop.5. professional cat catcheryou can actually mak e up to $80 – $100 an hour catching cats. if you trust your cat instinct and can catch a cat, then start your own cat-catching business. start by reading jordana’s serebrenik’s book.6. veterinaryveterinary is one of the most rewarding career choice for animal lovers. to become a veterinarian, you’ll need a bachelor’s degree that’s heavy in science and then go to a veterinary school to complete a 4 year doctorate of veterinary medicine.although it’s a long process before becoming a veterinarian, there’s plenty of opportunities after school. u.s. department of labor reports that veterinarian jobs are expected to grow by 36% from 2010 to 2020.7. veterinary technician / veterinary assistantif you don’t fancy school, then maybe become a veterinary technician or veterinary assistant. both jobs give you the same opportunity to work closely with cats.to become a veterinary technician, you’ll need to finish a postsecondary program in veterinary technology, which is usually 2 years. you’ll also need to be registered and licensed, depending on the state you want to practice in.if 2 years is still too long for you, you can become a veterinary assistant. many college offer comprehensive training programs that can be completed in under a year, and sometimes, employers offer on the job training, so you can skip school altogether.8. thinking outside of the cat boxif you don’t like any of the traditional career paths listed above, no worries, start thinking outside of the kitty box for ways to earn your living as a cat lover. your ideal cat profession might not exist yet. your purrfect cat career is just around the corner and your cat instinct might be your best career guide.

Speaker's response for Sports management class Essay

Speaker's response for Sports management class - Essay Example Although none of the academic books or journals had mentioned anything about the sports managers being the last line of defense in any given sports management team, it remains a fact that managing sports is not an easy task. In line with this, the top management team of any sports-related organization are responsible not only in the search for short-term and long-term sponsors but also communicate how sports activities can benefit the sponsors, the need to constantly increase the sports organization’s sales and profit, finding ways on how to effectively associate the sponsor’s brand to a given sports event, and eventually come up with a reasonable pay and reward schemes that could encourage the players to stay loyal with the team (Crompton a). As compared to the use of traditional ads, Levin, Joiner and Cameron strongly suggest that the process of incorporating the logos or brand name of the sponsor in sports cars or basketball jerseys increases the chances wherein the public consumers could develop a strong positive attitude and increased ability to recall the sponsor’s brand. ... As a significant part of a sports management team, it will always be the duty of the top management officials to inquire, research, and learn more about the grounds for any potential legal issues that they will have to face in the near future or give them the opportunity to legally sue anyone who would illegally take advantage of the sports management organization. For example, the term â€Å"ambushing in sport† is all about pretending or purposely creating a false impression that a corporate brand is one of the official sponsors of a team even though the brand has no legal rights to be an official sponsor (Crompton b). Crompton (b 1) mentioned that â€Å"official sponsors receive littly legal protection from ambusing†. For this reason, the sports manager(s) should take it as a challenge to create useful and effective strategies on how they can counter-act or prevent any third party or a company from violating the sports ethics particularly when it comes to ambushing. P erhaps, the sports manager should investigate on whether or not he or she can make use of the IP rights law to protect the name of the sports team from being illegally used by any party or a company who wish to gain any forms of brand recognition from the sports viewers. Not only did the speaker talked about the proper way of doing business but also the significance of legality of doing business, the importance of public trust in sports, etc. Personally, I find the advice given by the speaker to be very logical and practical when it comes to molding his audiences on how to become an effective sports manager in the future. In general, there is a saying that â€Å"what goes around, comes around†. To become a successful and effective sports manager, the speaker advice

A Policy in Healthcare that was Implemented as a Result of Regulatory Research Paper

A Policy in Healthcare that was Implemented as a Result of Regulatory or Legislative Requirement - Research Paper Example This bill went into effect on January 1, 2007. This bill states that all acute, psychiatric and special hospitals must make patients aware of charity care, payment discounts, and government-sponsored health insurance. It also requires hospitals to standardize its billing and collection procedures (California Assembly Bill 774). Basically, this law requires transparency in hospital billing, as all hospitals must have detailed information about their charity policies, including who is eligible and what procedure must be taken for eligibility, and a written description of how the hospitals collect the debts. Also required is a written disclosure of the hospital billing practices and debt collection procedures for everybody (California Assembly Bill 774). Analysis The rationale for this particular change in the way California Sutter Health is doing business is rather simple – health care costs are spiraling out of control, and uninsured patients contribute much to the ever-burgeon ing cost of health care to this country. As of 2005, some $45 billion worth of medical care is not being paid by uninsured patients (Families USA, 2005). What this means is that those with insurance pick up the tab for the people who cannot pay in the form of higher premiums. Another rationale for implementing this scheme is to encourage uninsured patients to get the care that they need, when they need it. Prior to the California Sutter Health scheme, many individuals did not visit the doctor when it was necessary, for fear that they would be hit with high medical bills (Families USA, 2005). This is because there was a great deal of uncertainty going in how much a certain procedure or visit would cost. What California Sutter Health did was show the patient, up front, what the costs would be, and this greatly empowers patients. The reason why this empowers patients is that they can see how much they will pay for something in advance. Then, they could either decide to get the procedur e done, at that time, if they had the money for it, or they could decide to put the procedure off until they had the chance to save up the money that was needed. Therefore, everybody wins – the patient is allowed to know, up front, how much a procedure might cost, which helps the patient, and the hospital itself does not find itself stuck with uncollectible bills that makes the cost of health care higher for everybody. This scheme allowed CSH to reduced its account receivables by $78 million in just three months (Souza & McCarty, 2007). These are some of the benefits of the program. Which is not to say that the policy is without its costs. There were a few bugs that needed to be worked out before the policy was implemented. For instance, the patient financial services staff member, and the Central Business Office could not access real-time financial information and management could not generate detailed reports (Souza & McCarty, 2007). Moreover, there was the costs of properl y training the patient financial services (PFS) staff, for they had to be trained in spotting errors and correcting them, such as when the occurrence code is incorrectly filed or accident information is missing from the claim (Souza & McCarty, 2007). Further training had to be done with registration employees, who were never accustomed to asking for money; they had to be tr

Standard Deviation use in the Business World Essay Example for Free

Standard Deviation use in the Business World Essay Abstract This paper evaluates the role of standard deviation in business. As part of the evaluation, a brief summary of five different peer reviewed papers has been presented. Topics such as, the purpose of the study, the research questions, the hypothesis of the study, and the main findings of the study for the five papers, have been summarized by each of the learning team members. Standard Deviation use in the Business World Standard Deviation is a statistical measurement that shows how data are spread above and below the mean. The square root of the variance is the standard deviation (Cleaves, Hobbs, Noble, 2012). It plays a key role in business management, with one of its benefits being that it simplifies the determination of variability in a given symmetrical data set. In this paper, the role of Standard Deviation in business has been presented by means of summarizing five peer-reviewed papers. Summary of Paper 1 In order to understand the role of standard deviation in business world, the first paper reviewed is on the topic ‘Risk: An uncommon deviation’, by Scott, D (2006). Standard deviation has a critical role to play in evaluating the risks involved in the field of business investments. Below is the summary of the findings from the paper: Purpose of the Study The paper focused on understanding the role of using standard deviation in estimating the risks involved in investments. According to Scott (2006), historically few, if any, real world investors naturally think in terms of standard deviations when they think about risk. The traditional risk models did not take into account standard deviation. In this paper, the author has evaluated the impact of using standard deviation in enhancing risk management strategies. Research Questions The key questions discussed within this paper are 1. Does use of standard deviation help in estimating all possible outcomes involved in business investments? 2. Does use of standard deviation help in mitigating risks? Hypothesis The hypothesis used in the paper is that the risk in the real world includes a set of situations and outcomes that no model can ever capture and no statistic can ever express. However, the usage of standard deviation can possibly help in building a more predictable risk management strategy. Findings of the study Below are the findings of the study 1. Standard deviation can help in predicting many of the possible risks, but there will always be rogue risks, which are very hard to predict. Risk that can be modeled mathematically is only part of the risk. However, standard deviation can help in greatly enhancing the traditional risk evaluation models, since most of the times the performance outcomes stay within the realms of a normal distribution (Scott, 2006). 2. It is essential to diversity the risk management techniques used. According to Scott (2006), it is essential to pay attention to correlation coefficients, covariance matrices and other statistical analyses by all means, but also assess the actual financial exposure to any one issuer, economic happening or institutional structure. 3. Challenge those whose professional training encourages them to equate risk and standard deviation (Scott, 2006). Summary of Paper 2 The second paper chosen is titled â€Å"Implied Standard Deviations and Post-earnings Announcement Volatility† by Acker, D (2002). Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to investigate if there is increase in volatility of stock prices following annual earnings announcements. The study is using implied standard deviations (ISDs), which are derived from option prices to establish the day-by-day changes in volatility within the announcement period. The focus is primarily on the timing of the volatility increase, rather than on the level of increase. Research Questions 1. Can the timing of market volatility due to reaction to bad news or good news, be predicted using the ISD? 2. Is there difference in the timing of reaction between, good news, easy to interpret news vs bad news, or difficult to interpret news? 3. Is the delayed reaction to bad news a manifestation of their lower degree of earnings persistence? Hypothesis The hypothesis is that good news announcements are associated with positive returns and bad news is associated with negative returns. Announcements of bad news have generally been established to have lower earnings response coefficients. The conditions of changing volatility, the ISD of an at-the-money option can be interpreted as an estimate of the expected standard deviation of the return over the life of that option, and can therefore be used to analyze the pattern of volatility, which the market expects to occur around an announcement. Announcements of earnings per share (eps) figures with a high transitory component, whose implications for the future are more difficult to assess, should be associated with a delayed volatility reaction. Findings of the study 1. If the day of the of the anticipated volatility increase is known, then by measuring the ISD at two points before that day, the `basic volatility and the amount increase can be deduced. 2. The ISDs tend to rise before the announcement date and fall after it. The day 10 ISDs suggest that volatility rises again roughly two weeks after the announcement. 3. Announcing bad news and announcing news that is difficult to interpret both have an incremental effect on delaying the volatility reaction, but the effect of bad news appeared to be dominant. 4. Companies reporting bad news deliberately convey less precise information, thereby extending the period required by the markets to analyze its implications. 5. When there is no news, ISD and hence volatility did not appear to change significantly around the announcement. Summary of Paper 3 The third paper chosen is titled â€Å"Forecasting the pulse: How deviations from  regular patterns in online data can identify offline phenomena† by Andreas and Pascal (2013). Purpose of the Study With steady increase of data availability of human behavior collected through online social services, there is a big potential for data scientist to leverage standard deviation as the tool to conduct real time detection and analytic studies of extraordinary offline phenomena. Such detection helps build foundational marketing opportunities for social commerce. Research Questions 1. Does communication environment (i.e. facebook, twitter, match.com) has its normal state of user behavior? 2. Is there seasonal trend in the patter? How big are the variations? 3. What is the dynamic empirical state base on the historical data pattern? Do large deviations detected between system states versus empirical state work as indicators of user’s offline phenomenon? Hypothesis Large deviations between the states of the social platform as forecasted by the empirical model can be used as indicators of extraordinary events, which led users to deviate from their regular usage patterns. Findings Studies launched on Twitter base on historical usage in 2011 – 2012 concludes that each social platform has its own variable of usage pattern that is specific to individual user. The normal state of communication environment can be measure by specific variables in the data documenting the user behavior online. After removing the seasonal trends, statistic model can determine the large deviations between the state of the system as forecasted and the empirical state. These large deviations are later validated as truly extraordinary events that led the users to deviate from the normal usage patterns (Andreas Pascal, 2013). These variations act as predictors for the social companies to proactively launch market campaign to target audiences. Summary of Paper 4 The fourth paper chosen is titled â€Å"Standard deviation of anthropometric Z-scores as a data quality assessment tool using the 2006 WHO growth standards: a cross-country analysis†, by Mei, Z., Grummer-Strawn, L.  (2007). Purpose of the Study Worldwide nutritional status of population can be measured using height and weight anthropometric indicators. In 1978, World Health Organization (WHO) indicated that the Standard Deviation of the Z scores of these indicators remains relatively constant across population, irrespective of nutritional status. In 2006, WHO published new growth standards and purpose of study is to find whether above standards can still be used to access data quality. Research Questions 1. Are previous measures of Z scores calculation still applicable to measure worldwide nutritional status of population? 2. Can nutritional status, especially in children, from both developed and developing countries, be used as international references? 3. Will Z-score rages still apply to data collected after the application of 2006 WHO growth standards? Hypothesis Since the Z-Score scale is linear, summery statistics i.e. mean, Standard Deviation, and standard errors caused through delta of application can be computed from Z-Score values. Z-Score summery statistics is also helpful for grouping growth data, irrespective of age, sex and nationality. The summary statistics obtained for current application model can be compared with earlier references. Findings Available Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) represent nationally and contains large sample sizes. As these surveys are supported by United States Agency for International Development (USAID), they can be used authentically and contain wide range of monitoring and impact evaluation indicators. As per 51 DHS surveys obtained, 32 were from 23 African countries, four from three Asian countries and 15 from eight Latin American countries. The Z scores were obtained for height for age, weight for age, and weight for height and body mass index for age. For all these four indicators, Z-score in Latin American countries were higher than in African and Asian countries, even though the Standard Deviation for all the three indicators were relatively stable and did not vary much with the Z-Score means. References Acker, D. (2002). Implied Standard Deviations and Post-earnings Announcement Volatility. Journal Of Business Finance Accounting, 29(3/4), 429. Andreas, J., Pascal, J. (2013). Forecasting the pulse: How deviations from regular patterns in online data can identify offline phenomena. Internet Research, 23(5), 589 607. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IntR-06-2012-0115 Cleaves, C., Hobbs, M., Noble, J. (2012). Business Math (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Retrieved from VitalBook file. Scott, D. (2006). Risk: an uncommon deviation. JASSA, n.a.(2), 30. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/89211018?pq-origsite=summon Mei, Z., Grummer-Strawn, L. (2007). Standard deviation of anthropometric Z-scores as a data quality assessment tool using the 2006 WHO growth standards: A cross country analysis. World Health Organization.Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 85(6), 441-8. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/22955688 7?accountid=458

The Breaking of Taboo Essay -- Poetry Analysis

Adrienne Rich was a very critically acclaimed and widely read poet of her era. Ms. Rich was a rebellious pioneer in expressing her viewpoints through her poetry in what was considered highly taboo topics of her time, such as, politics, lesbianism, and feminism. Adrienne Rich was born on May 16, 1929 in Baltimore, Maryland. Her father was renowned pathologist at John Hopkins University, Dr. Arnold Rich, and her mother Helen Elizabeth Rich, was a concert pianist and composer. Adrienne began writing at a very early age, with the encouragement of her father. As a child, she grew up reading works from her fathers extensive library from Tennyson, Keats, Arnold, Blake, Rossetti, Swinburne, Carlyle, and Patter (Booth). Adrienne attended A. B. Radcliffe College and graduated in 1951. In her final year at Radcliffe, her collection, â€Å"A Change of World†, was selected by, W. H. Auden for the Yale Series of Younger Poets award. In 1953, Adrienne married Alfred Conrad, an economics professor at Harvard, whom she had met while she was an undergraduate student at Harvard. During their marriage, they had three children, David, Paul, and Jacob. In the mid 60’s Adrienne became very involved in Vietnam anti war protests, feminist, and civil right issues. As time went on, Alfred thought she was losing her mind because of her obsession and devotion she had to these causes. This created quite a bit of tension in their marriage. In 1970, she separated from Alfred, which lead to his suicide a few months later. Rich’s early works were very traditional and structured. Her style mirrored the poets who she read extensively as a child. As Rich progressed in her writings, her styled changed drastically. Rich took on a dialogue, and free verse style. This ... ...aressa. "6 Powerful Adrienne Rich Quotes Every Woman Should Read." The Stir, 12 Mar. 2012. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. Meredith, May. "Adrienne Rich: 1929-2012 / Feminist poet turned personal into political." San Francisco Chronicle (10/1/2007 to present) 29 Mar. 2012: A1. Newspaper Source Plus. Web. 22 Apr. 2012. Rich, Adrienne, comp. Twenty-One Love Poems. 2nd. Emeryville, Ca.: Effie's Press, 1977. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. ---, Adrienne. Collected Early Poems 1950-1970. 1st. New York: W.W. Norton, 1993. 419. Print. ---, Adrienne. Dark Fields of the Republic 1991-1995. New York: W.W. Norton, 1995 3, 65. Print. Schuduel, Matt. "Adrienne Rich, feminist poet who wrote of politics and lesbian identity, dies at 82." 28 Mar. 2012, n. p. Web. 15 Apr. 2012. Sky. "The Floating Poem Unnumbered By Adrienne Rich." Thirty Days Of.., 06 05 20010. Web. 21 Apr. 2012.

Serial Killers as Heroes in Popular Culture

â€Å"When asked to justify the extremely sadistic nature of his murders, Doe replies: â€Å"If you want to people to pay attention, Detective, you can’t just tap them on the shoulder anymore. You have to hit them with a sledgehammer. Then you’ll find you have their strict attention. † This is a prime example as to why the media can get, and keep the attention of their audience when it comes to being a serial killer. The media feels that the more people see of a particular crime, the less they are inclined to go out and commit heinous crimes. On the other hand, it could be that they just need the ratings to keep their show going and they really do not care what their audience is looking at or how it makes them feel. The media in my opinion only care about their ratings and how many viewers they have. The media should focus more of the energy on the victims and what was taken, rather than focusing on the killer or killers. During this week we watch Natural born Killers, and I thought that this movie showed every aspect as to why the focus should not be on the killers. Who in their right mind would decide to do a live taping of an interview with a serial killer, and then decide to let the prisoners view the taping. This shows that the producers only cared about the ratings. They did not have to agree with the request, but they did not want to lose their number 1 reporter either. They put their ratings and sponsors above their audience and a lot of people lost their lives, all because someone higher up thought it was ok to do a live show with a serial killer. In my mind I am thinking, this man is not the president or anything so why should he get all the attention. Why someone of this nature should even be allowed to see the light of day. Why, because we as society crave that energy that is sent from the screen to our living rooms. We want to feel sorry for the killers because it’s in our nature to think that maybe this person could have been saved, or that they were truly wronged somewhere in their life. I truly do think that the prisoners viewing the show as it aired played a big part in the major riot that occurred. I am not saying that it could not have happened at any other time, but in this case with everything that was going on, this was the wrong time to allow prisoners access to this particular show. The media puts too much information out there for anybody to see, and society is the one who ends up suffering the consequences.

Brand Sense/Marketing: McDonald’s Hamburgers Essay

Figure 1 This figure illustrates how McDonald’s hamburger is presented to the public. The picture looks so appealing enough to make people crave to taste how it is like when combining the fresh and nutritious ingredients together. The picture alone tells that the food is very delicious by its look, that it produces enchanting smell; and when a person touches it, its soft and thick bread would be enough to satisfy his craving. Analyzing the ads in view of the senses presented in the diagram gives the brand manager the criteria in assessing how effective the ads is in arousing the interest and craving of the people towards the product. In the same way, this also guides him/her to determine a particular sensory activity he would employ in a particular product. Figure 2 Using the twelve components in the ‘Smash your Brand’ philosophy of Martin Lindstrom, McDonald’s hamburgers communicate the true personality of the company. This principle applies the idea of uniqueness that makes the product relevant to its customers. This uniqueness is applied in various components as discussed by Lindstrom. The M shape icon and the McDonald’s mascot that represent it appear so customer friendly while the combination of yellow and white and a little red gives relaxing mood. Actually the name McDonald is an American folksong that creates an image as ‘plain folk. ’ In my opinion, McDonald’s will survive smashing because it communicates goodwill and friendly customer service in many aspects of services. ‘Smash your Brand’ as another device through which a marketing scheme is being conceptualized, is holistic in approach. For a marketing plan, using this approach is quite mind-numbing and tedious because in the first place this particular approach is done by the organization as a whole to impose a change in the company. Once the initiative is from the upper level, marketing department will also follow and will create a plan based on the set corporate goals. Perhaps, what could be done is basically orchestrating what the company is and what the company does. This is what it means by â€Å"communicating a heart. † Thus, this diagram will become effective only when the company has the message and identity to tell the public. Figure 3 McDonald’s hamburger is authentic because of its drive to perfect its product by making it real in terms of quality represented by the product’s color, simplicity of the images, richness in ingredients, and values explained in text (McDonald’s). Perhaps this authenticity testing is utilized or suggested by Lindstrom because it aims to measure the impact of the ads to the intended audience. As an emotional testing, its authenticity will help to enhance the customers’ motivation to patronage the product. The device is helpful I guess in order to strengthen the impact of the advertisement. Figure 4 To realize that a product meets another level of customer’s satisfaction is a good indication that the ad as well as the product is really tempting and alluring. In case of McDonald’s hamburgers as shown in an internet ad, the food is really tempting by its look; however, it becomes more enticing because the nutrition content will satisfy ‘my’ body. The level of understanding regarding the benefit of the product will heighten the interest of the person to buy the product. The emotional profile therefore provides another avenue in the advertisement that will make it more effective and convincing. Application Lindstrom provides novel idea in making marketing truly relevant to the needs of the people. These diagrams and models are useful therefore in conceptualizing and figuring out marketing strategies and action that will be appealing enough to cultivate interest to a lot of people amidst many competitions. What brand managers understand is that marketing does not rely solely on advertisement. It involves concerted actions and effort that aim to promote and to sell the product. The primary end of the effort is to increase the sales. Lindstrom conceptualized those models, which for him will facilitate the planning stage of the brand managers. However, the models require a lot of work analysis and sometimes limit the creativity because it tends to bind the strategies on the models. What most marketing managers or brand managers are doing is looking through some ways that will make their product unique from the rest; they do not limit any possibility. Regarding this, it is important to realize that branding is different from marketing. Branding is â€Å"about performance†¦ is a tool for delivering your business objectives: a means to an end, not an end in itself† (Barlow & Stewart, p. 17). It is therefore aims to bring the customer close to the product and not the product to the customer; the latter is the marketing job. Branding and marketing require two different courses of actions. Secondly, the brand manager must conceptualize what could provide solution to the customers’ needs and problems. That is the key towards identifying effective branding strategies. The best way to do this is conducting researches that will identify those needs. The brand must in the first place dwell within the hearts and minds of the clients. Third, after the courses of action have been finalized, use Lindstrom’s models to analyze the weaknesses and strengths of the strategies. With this suggestion, planning will become systematic and that Lindstrom will become useful. Reference Barlow, J. & Stewart, P. (2004). Branded Customer Service. USA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Lindstrom, M. (2005). Brand Sense: How to Build Powerful Brands through Touch, Smell, Sight & Sound. USA: Kogan Page Publishers. McDonald’s. http://cep. mcdonalds. com/qualityfood/.

Todays Negative Media essays

Today's Negative Media essays Since the late 1940s media such as television have been an important factor in our everyday lives. Television keeps people aware and up-to-date with important information giving those people knowledge on what is happening in the world around them. Television is also used as a source of entertainment. In the past television was mainly used to entertain families where they would get together around the TV set and watch for a few hours. However, today television is used for many purposes and is a cause for concern when looking at its affects on the people of todays society. Firstly, younger children tend to watch television instead of going outside and getting exercise; teenagers watch television instead of doing their studies, and grown-ups become pre-occupied with technologic gadgetry instead of doing what they are supposed to. Secondly, children watching television see violence in the form of cartoons or other popular children shows desensitizing the children and making them think vi olence is acceptable in real-life. Lastly, some types of media discriminate against all people regardless of age, gender, or race. In todays society, television can have a negative affect on anyone and everyone in that society. Luxury items like televisions are cause for concern because children and young adults seem to stay transfixed to such a medium. Hours of easy viewing with addictive story-line shows are what causes people of all ages to become glued to the tube. The extended time wasted by sitting and not getting much needed exercise leads to health problems later on in life, such as backaches, obesity, and a leniency toward procrastination. According to studies, e.g. the Huston-Stein project, the average child watches about 27 hours of television per week. In some cases viewing can reach as much as 11 hours a day on non-school days. Televisions have become less expensive, allowing more people to have these products...

Argumentative Speech on Human Cloning

Argumentative Speech on Human Cloning Argumentative Speech on Human Cloning Human Cloning speech: Human cloning involves the creation of a generically identical copy of a human. It does not usually refer to the reproduction of human tissues or cells or to the monozygotic multiple births. The ethics of cloning is usually a controversial issue. The term cloning is normally used to refer to artificial human cloning (Almeder 1). Human cloning practices normally raise concerns that are related to ethics. There are those individuals who argue that the practices are not whereas there are also those who are for the practices (Pinon 507). Ethical views against Human Cloning There are those individuals who argue that human cloning destroys the unity of parenthood and marriage. Issues like divorce, contraception, vitro fertilization, and extramarital sex ends up affecting the unity of families. Human cloning can create another problem to the unity that normally exists in Christian marriages. This is because the clone with be denied the chance to feel the love of parents (Sherlock and John 573). There are also those people who argue that cloning human beings will turn them into commodities (Sherlock and John 573). This is because the cloning subjects are referred to as things. A cloning child is a technological project. The child is normally subject to quality control. Treating a person as a thing has become common in our societies. This practice is destructive and immoral. Cloning a child will lead the child being treated as someone’s asset or commodity and not a human being. This is because the child will be perceived as made and not born hence the child might not be treated with respect (Pinon 507). The cloning of human beings is also dangerous. There has only been one success in sheep cloning. This was after failing for 276 times. Cloned human embryos have been killed in research laboratories (Pinon 507). Consequently, genetic screenings are normally undertaken together with cloned tissues from human. Any embryo that does not pass is normally killed. Due to this, many people argues that cloning has negative aspects to human beings (Sherlock and John 576). Another ethical issue with regards to human cloning is that, it is an assault to human procreation (Pinon 506). Assisted reproductive technologies are affronts to human dignity. This is because cloning leaves does not prove human procreation. It is a completely artificial reproductive technology (Pinon 506). Cloning is also a violation of the conjugal union dignity (Sherlock and John 576). In normal circumstances, a child is a sure proof of love the parents bestows on it. The influence and the indication of God’s love is destroyed when a child’s life is created in the laboratory (Pinon 506). Those who are involved in cloning human beings may also be played God. This is because it is only God, and only Him who is our maker (Sherlock and John 576). Those who are engaged in researches to find ways so as to clown human beings will be practicing God’s work. Religious leaders do not agree with cloning as they believe that a human being can only be made by God and not fellow human beings (Sherlock and John 576). Arguments for Human Cloning There are also those individuals who argue that human cloning is not unethical or a bad practice. They argue that cloning can be used to counter infertility and/or genetic diseases. They argue that human cloning can be a solution for those individuals who have infertility problems because they can be able to get children through the process. Those who are infertile can be able to get preferable donors eggs. They also argue that the process is a little different from the birth of identical twins. Cloning has also been argued that it meets deep human desire to reproduce. Those who advocate for cloning of human being also argue that what matters is how the child is treated after birth (Pinon 510). If you need a 100% original argumentative speech essay written by professional writers contact and buy a speech online on any topic you need!

Revenue management in Hotel industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Revenue management in Hotel industry - Essay Example identified three conditions which would be necessary for revenue management: there should be adequate fixed resources for sale; the resources should be perishable; and customers should be willing to pay different prices for the resources. Hotels sell rooms as fixed inventory which are highly perishable and attract different prices depending on size, location and availability of unique features. Appropriate forecast enhances identification of cost drivers leading to development of appropriate measures of performance. It would enable an organization understand how operational drivers affect its financial performance outcomes. As budget forecasts are highly dependent on demand and supply, hotels should consider their room occupancy and the charged rates should increase with increase in reservations. But in practice, this does not happen and Salerno (2012) argues that most hoteliers would blindly set rates for future and then get disappointed. Poor accuracy of budgets still remains a problem in many organizations. When forecasts are made way above or below the budget, the organization risks making bad decisions based on the incorrect projections. This would also cause the management to pay less attention to budgets as they become unreliable and not trusted. Generally, inaccurate forecasts significantly affect revenue management system performance as the organization will suffer lack of proper planning (Weatherford & Kimes, 2003). When the forecasts are set so high, Hayes and Miller (2011) argue that the forecast then becomes a motivational tool for increased performance and not a revenue management tool. However, the authors note that no organization should seek to make inaccurate forecasts. These inaccuracies would be a result of deriving facts from poor tools of budgeting such as spreadsheets fed with wrong formulae. Limited time for employees to come up with good projections and their subsequent lack of motivation could also be a reason. Additionally, sidelining

Biomes and Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Biomes and Diversity - Essay Example The plants and animals of the earth are also important because of the recreational pleasure they provide us with. More people in America spend time watching wildlife than they do watching  movies  or sports†. In a way, people would benefit more in practical ways from the preservation of biodiversity. â€Å"At its heart, rewilding is based on living with the monster under the bed, since the big, scary animals that frightened us in childhood, and still do, are the fierce guardians of biodiversity. Without wolves, wolverines, grizzlies, black bears, mountain lions and jaguars, wild populations shift toward the herbivores, who proceed to eat plants into extinction, taking birds, bees, reptiles, amphibians and rodents with them. A tenet of ecology states that the world is green because carnivores eat herbivores. Yet the big carnivores continue to die out because we fear and hunt them and because they need more room than we preserve and connect.†Ã‚   Re-wilding is then done so that biodiversity survives and can expand to make produce more environmentally healthy habitats. If life a healthy habitat and ecosystem could be developed, the re-growth of natural environments for wildlife can help make a cleaner and healthier world to live in as long as human activities that negate biodiversity are lessened as well. Ganly, S. (2007) The Impact of Wildlife Extinction and the Importance of  Biodiversity. Retrieved from

HW Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

HW - Assignment Example This idea is applicable to both work and residential places where people do not interact more often due to various reasons. People need diversity because it promotes social integration and the development of a strong bond in work or living places. Another idea that I would implement to improve the way I work or live is to observe the rules imposed by authorities. Being a law abiding citizen or worker enables one to concentrate on valuable activities that reduce imprisonment or suspensions from work. This implies that people should always follow the rules do not waste time in the courts or facing disciplinary committees, but concentrate on their activities. Encouraging colleagues and neighbors to observe rules helps in achieving objectives and promoting unity. This is because individuals are free to consult and share ideas in areas that require teamwork and offers a wider perspective of approaching issues. I believe introducing community projects for cultural appreciation and observing regulations are significant ideas that can improve the ways a person lives or works alongside

The Importance Of Observing Children Children And Young People Essay

The Importance Of Observing Children Children And Young People Essay This report discusses and evaluates the role of observation within an education setting. Section 1 details the importance of observing children followed by an evaluation of a range of observational techniques. Section 2 looks at the background of the child being observed in the report whilst section 3 makes reference to the appendix which contains 3 observations demonstrating a range of observational techniques. Section 4 contains an analysis of the childs learning and developing needs. Section 5 makes recommendations to inform the future practice of the setting and its practitioners whilst section 6 reflects on the practitioners role in the observational process. Section 1 : The Importance of observing children. Observation is a fundamental and crucial aspect of the practitioners role and enables them to understand children as learners and as individuals. Observations are an invaluable source of information which allows the practitioner to plan a more appropriate curriculum that supports childrens development according to their individual needs. It is an integral part of the assessment and planning cycle. Observations involve watching children play and take part in activities both inside and outside the classroom. Observations allow the practitioner to acquire knowledge and understanding of what is interesting and motivating to children both as individuals and as groups. Children respond differently to activities, experiences, and areas of provision. They acquire skills, learning styles, friendships, and behavioural patterns which are individual to each child. Observations give the practitioner an opportunity to record this type of information as well as aiding them in determining where the child is on the learning continuum and highlighting any difficulties they may have. This information can have a very positive impact on childrens learning when used effectively in informing the planning process. Observations give vital information regarding the effectiveness of provision. The development of areas within an educational setting takes into account their success with the children that use them. Observations are integral when evaluating such areas as they give a true record of how the children use the area and the effectiveness of it. Childrens behaviour, comments, body language and interactivity with their peers and practitioners give an invaluable insight into the effectiveness of the provision. Practitioners are responsible for facilitating a childs learning. Observations allow the evaluation of the effectiveness of the practitioners role and can inform a practitioner of their professional developmental needs. The planning process takes into account the needs of each individual child and this process is informed through the analysis / assessment of the observations carried out by the practitioner. Without such observations it would be an impossible task to ensure that the planned activities of the setting, the areas of provision, and the methods used by the practitioner were meeting the individual needs of each child. Such is the importance of observation. As Sharman, Cross and Vennis (2007, p.9) state, children and young people are unique and to be aware of their qualities we need to take an interest in what they are doing, listen to what they are saying, learn from what they are telling us. Evaluation of a range of techniques. There are several different techniques that the practitioner may use when observing children and areas of provision. The observation method used will normally be determined by the purpose of the observation. Observation methods include narrative / free description, checklist / pre-coded, time sampling, event sampling, tracking, pie / bar charts, histograms and sociograms. Practitioners may carry out observations as either a participant or a non-participant observer. Each method of observation uses different techniques which may be more suited to observing particular characteristics or behaviours. Free Description / Narrative : Free description or narrative observations involve watching a particular child or group of children or indeed an area of provision. The free description observation should record the name of the child, children or area being observed along with the date, time and name of the person carrying out the observation. Clear aims and objectives must be set prior to the start of the observation and should be detailed on the observation sheet. The practitioner should possess a sound understanding of the purpose of the observation and the benefits associated with it to help ensure that it is completed appropriately. It is important for the practitioner to decide whether they should observe as a participant or a non-participant. The practitioner should be aware of the affects their involvement may have on a childs behaviour if observing as a participant. Similarly, when observing as a non-participant it is very important for the practitioner to draw as little atten tion to themselves as possible. The observation should also contain a conclusion and an evaluation of what has been recorded. Recommendations should then be made to move the childs learning forward. The practitioner records information in the present tense detailing what they observe as they observe it. This is done over a pre-set period of time which may be changed during the observation if deemed necessary. The practitioner should be mindful of the importance of remaining objective when recording details of the observation. It is important for them to ensure that personal opinions, experiences and / or prejudices do not affect their judgement. Each practitioner will however have their own perspectives and therefore it is good practice to use all practitioners within a setting to carry out observations over a period of time. This will help ensure that the information acquired will be balanced and provide a fuller picture of the child, children or area being observed. Free description observations may be difficult to record as the practitioner may need to write a lot of information down in a short amount of time. There is the potential to miss important information. The practitioners judgement may be influenced by outside factors. Checklist / Pre-coded : Checklist or pre-coded observations may be set out in a variety of formats and are normally lists of particular skills within an area of learning. They require planning and preparation prior to the observation being carried out. Information about one child or a group of children can be recorded using the checklist or pre-coded method. Checklists or pre-coded observations should contain the name and age of the child, the number of adults and children present, the activity being observed, the area where the activity takes place, and the aims and objectives of the observation. The purpose of the observation influences the information contained within the checklist. For example, an observation with an aim of determining the fine motor skills of a particular child may contain such statements as: can hold a pencil with tripod grip or can control a pencil. (WAG, 2011, p.9) These skills may be given a code to aid the practitioner carrying out the observation to complete it more easily. This would be particularly helpful when observing a number of children at the same time. Checklists can also be used to record activities and their progress. It is vital to continuously refer to the aim of the observation when preparing the assessment criteria for the checklist. The practitioner should ensure that the criteria are both relevant and appropriate in aiding the assessment and analysis of a specified purpose. For example, the practitioner must ensure the criteria is age appropriate and provisions available to the child support the skill being observed. As with the free description observation it is extremely important for the practitioner to remain objective. All practitioners should perform similar observations to help ensure that the information acquired will be balanced and provide a fuller picture of the child, children or area being observed. It is good practice for a particular skill or behaviour to be observed several times before an overall judgement is made. The observation should include a conclusion and an evaluation of the recorded information and recommendations should be made. Checklists and pre-coded observations can be restrictive as they require a simple yes, no or nearly answer to each criteria. The information recorded may not contain much detail or background information of the child. Time sampling : Time sampling is a technique that requires the practitioner to observe the child, children or area over a matter of time. It can be used to monitor behaviour, social interactions and dynamics within groups, language skills, and usage of areas of provision. Time sampling observations can be completed using written descriptions or pre-coded criteria. The practitioner should remain objective when completing the observation and a variety of staff should complete similar observations to ensure reliability. It is also important for the practitioner to be aware of their involvement and the affect this may have on the child or children being observed. This type of observation is very adaptable and can be changed to suit the individual setting. It is a quick method for recording information. It can be used for individuals and groups. There is no requirement for a background knowledge of the child. Time sampling observations do have some disadvantages. They provide information which can be time consuming to analyse. This type of observation may need to take place over a long period of time. There is a possibility that something significant may be missed if it does not happen within the observation time scale. Tracking : Another method of observing is tracking. Tracking can be used to record a childs movements within the setting as well as the time they spend on a particular activity. It is an appropriate method of highlighting the areas of provision a child has a preference for along with the way in which the area is used. Prior to the observation taking place the practitioner should complete a plan of the area and consider how they will record the movements of the child. A code may be used to aid with this. Times may be recorded if required. If it is necessary to record skills this can be done separately. Tracking is advantageous as it can be used in any area of the setting, both indoors and outdoors. It supports the foundation phase curriculum which requires the usage of the outdoors as part of the childs learning and involves less structured, more independent play. It can indicate more popular areas and provisions which allows the practitioner to see the preferences of the child and gives them the opportunity to adapt their planning to suit the childs needs. It can also indicate the attention span of a particular child. Tracking can become quite difficult if the practitioner has to track more than one child at a time. The plan may become untidy and hard to follow if the child visits lots of areas. Tracking is not particularly informative for outside professionals. A detailed description of the childs movements may not be recorded and information can be limited. Sociogram : Sociograms focus on social development. It shows how the child interacts with other children and adults and can demonstrate their popularity. Social observations can quickly show the social development of children. This information can be used by the practitioner to plan activities and experiences to further develop the childs social development. Sociograms, however, do not describe the reasons why something has happened. They only detail what has happened. Event Sampling : Event sampling is used to observe when an event has taken place. This type of observation can be used to record a childs behavioural or emotional development. It can record any event and includes information detailing how and why the event has occurred. This type of observation can help the practitioner to analyse the cause and effect of certain relationships. The data collected may be produced as a chart making it easier for the practitioner to analyse. Event sampling is not suitable for observing infrequent behaviour and only records the specific behaviour as detailed in the aim of the observation. The recorded data may be misinterpreted as the observation may not record any preceding behaviours. Event sampling can be used within an early years setting as it is adaptable and it provides evidence of a particular behaviour. Pie / bar charts : Pie or bar charts can be used to give a visual representation of information recorded by the practitioner. It is an effective method to use with both individual children and groups and makes data easy to read. This type of observation is suitable for early years settings as it is very adaptable and can be used to record information such as: areas of provision used by girls or boys both indoors and outdoors (highlighting childrens preferences), which children participate in a particular activity (e.g. physical), or what children eat during snack time. This information can then inform a settings planning to make it more suitable to the children. Pie or bar charts do not indicate why a particular event has taken place, only that it has happened. They may require a longer set up period than other types of observations and data may be more difficult to interpret. Histogram : Histograms can be used to plot the development of a child over a given period of time. The information gathered is detailed on a bar graph where each type of activity is shown in a continuous fashion. Histograms allow the practitioner to focus on a particular behaviour over a longer period of time. As with sociograms and pie / bar charts, histograms show that a particular behaviour has occurred but does not give the reason why it has happened. Other types of observation may require slightly different formats. Samples of work are sometimes included for assessment purposes. Photographic and video observations are an effective way of documenting the childs learning process. Photographs should always be annotated or cross-referenced to relevant written observations. Practitioners should request written parental permission for using photography and video devices to record and document childrens learning. Section 2 : Background to the individual child. The child is 2 years and 3 months old. She has attended the setting since the beginning of September 2012. She attends 5 morning sessions per week for 2.5 hours each session. She has 1 sibling which is 3 months old. The childs mum has informed staff that since the arrival of the new baby the childs behaviour has become much worse than it was previously. The child has exhibited such behaviour as biting, kicking, hitting, pushing, and screaming when she is at home and also outside. This behaviour is displayed when the child does not get what she wants. The child lives on a council owned estate which is within a Communities First area. Communities First is a community focused programme that supports the Welsh Governments Tackling Poverty agenda. It supports the most disadvantaged people in the most deprived areas with the aim of contributing to alleviating persistent poverty. Communities First works alongside other programmes with an aim of narrowing the education/skills, economic and health gaps between the most deprived and more affluent areas. (http://wales.gov.uk) The area has also been highlighted as a Flying Start area. Flying Start is the Welsh Government targeted Early Years programme for families with children under 4 years of age in some of the most deprived areas of Wales. The core elements of the programme are drawn from a range of options that have been shown to influence positive outcomes for children and their families. These include free quality part-time childcare for 2-3 year olds, an enhanced health visiting service, access to parenting programmes, and early language development. (http://wales.gov.uk) The childs place at the setting is fully funded by the Flying Start Programme. The childs mum does not work and is at home with the children during the day. The childs dad works full time during the week and spends evenings and weekends at home. The childs mum has informed staff at the setting that the child has many cousins. The child sees them on a regular basis. The child is not able to share or take turns with other members of her family and frequently exhibits the inappropriate behaviour mentioned above. Section 3 Evidence of 3 observations using different techniques. Appendix 1 evidence of a free description observation. Appendix 2 evidence of a time sample observation. Appendix 3 evidence of an event sample observation. Analysis of the childs learning and developing needs. Child As mum informed staff at the setting that she does not share or take turns and exhibits inappropriate behaviour when she does not get what she wants. Mum has noticed that Child As behaviour has worsened since the arrival of their new baby. As Dowling (2005, p.105) states, we expect a child to show mixed behaviour when faced with the excitement, but also the threat of a new baby in the family. The free description observation highlighted the behaviour of Child A when she was placed in a position of taking turns and sharing a toy. Child A was observed snatching a doll from child B whilst playing in the home corner of the setting. When Child C tried to push the pushchair which was being played with by Child A, Child A began to scream and pinched Child C on the face. Following a discussion with a practitioner within the setting Child A apologised to the affected parties however, Child A was then observed a short time later displaying the same behaviour. As Dowling suggests children aged 2 2.5 years old are still developing their sharing and turn taking skills. They need to be encouraged and given opportunities to practice these skills through carefully planned activities. Child A is not able to share or take turns. She does not communicate appropriately with her peers when she wants to play with something. She is not able to wait until the other child has finished playing with the item before taking it. Child A is able to apologise when supported by a practitioner. The time sampling observation was carried out 1 week after the free description observation. Child A displayed similar behaviour during this observation as they did during the free description observation. Child B was playing with a plastic box in the maths area. Child A had attempted to take the box from Child B and when she was not given the box Child A hit and pinched the arm of Child B. Child A looked around the setting and made eye contact with one of the assistants. Child A lowered her head and looked at the floor. After the practitioner spoke to Child A she apologised to Child B. With help from the practitioner Child A collected a sand timer and waited until the sand had finished running into the other side. Child A was prompted to ask Child B if she could have her turn with the box. Both children complied with the practitioners requests and received praise. Child A smiled and took the box to the carpet area where she had her turn to play with it. As Sharman, Cross and Venice (2000, p.130) states the developmental milestones indicate that a child aged 2 2.5 years is egocentric. They see the world from their point of view. They are not able to share and will hold onto things with determination. Child A is not able to take turns. She is not prepared to wait for her turn. Child A exhibits inappropriate behaviour when she is not given what she wants when she wants it. Child A is able to apologise when supported by a practitioner. She is also able to wait for her turn when supported by a practitioner and a visual timing device which in this case was a sand timer. The third observation was an event sampling observation. This was carried out 2 weeks after the initial free description observation. The observation recorded the behaviour and social interactions of Child A during a morning session. Child A displayed inappropriate behaviour at several times during the day and in several areas of the classroom. She took what she wanted without asking and screamed when a child tried to take an item back or when they tried to take something that she was already playing with. Child A did not speak very much to the other children or to the practitioners in the setting. She apologised when prompted to do so by a practitioner. Child A was not always responsible for the incidents that took place. As Dowling (2005, p.108) says before children start to regulate their behaviour they must begin to learn about cause and effect. Children need to be able to empathise to understand how others feelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Recommendations to inform future practice. The first observation which was a free description concluded that Child A was not able to share. Child A showed very little understanding of this concept. She exhibited inappropriate behaviour to her peers when presented with a sharing situation. It is important for practitioners to understand how frustrating it can be for young children to share and to understand the concepts. The ability to share is developed over a period of time. Young children find it difficult to understand how others feel as they are not yet able to empathise. Having more than one type of toy can be beneficial for young children as it gives them an opportunity to play in parallel with the same type of provision. Where possible, more than one of each provision should be made available to the children in each area of the setting. As Fisher (1993, p.29) states appropriately resourced and supported, child-initiated activity can bring about some of the most creative and innovative learning in the classroom Planning activities which encourage turn taking will allow the child to practice this skill and would also allow them to begin to realise that they will have their own opportunity to play with a particular item. The second observation, time sampling, concluded that Child A cannot communicate her needs appropriately. Child A has not yet learnt to ask for what she wants. Instead she exhibits inappropriate behaviour such as pinching. Child A is able to apologise to the affected party when prompted to do so by one of the practitioners. She is also willing to wait for her turn when supported by a practitioner and a visual aid demonstrating a set amount of time a sand timer. Encouraging Child A to ask for a particular item and rewarding her with praise when she does will reinforce to the child that it is appropriate behaviour. Skinner suggests that reinforcement of a particular behaviour will prompt a repeat of the same behaviour at a later time. Sharman, Cross and Vennis (2007, p.11) state, children need adults to notice their achievements and provide an environment to support their further development. Games such as dominoes or snap cards will strengthen and support turn taking skills. Other activities which encourage turn taking will allow the child to decide when they have finished playing with a piece of equipment. Some children may be happy to give the item to someone else when they feel they have finished using it. The third observation, time sampling, recorded some similar behaviours as the previous observations. Child A was not able to take turns when using the pencils. It also provided evidence that Child A is able to carry out some instructions such as tidying up. Child A was following an instruction and putting the cars away. She snatched one from another child to put it in the appropriate box. Child A was not able to ask for the car and just took it. Child A was also not able to share the parachute and she screamed when another child tried to hold it. Where a child is not able to take turns, the practitioner should support them by explaining why they should take turns and will use an item to display a set amount of time, for example, a sand timer. Whilst a child waits for their turn the practitioner should support them by suggesting an activity to do. The practitioner will give the child simple choices to allow them to choose an item, game or activity for themselves and this will allow them to feel that they have made their own choice. Reflect on your role in the observational process. Through observations the practitioner is able to learn what the children know, evaluate their needs and plan appropriately to facilitate their learning. Staff training is an integral part of the settings self-evaluation process and allows the practitioner to consider the importance of observing children and developing the necessary skills. The practitioner will organise an allocated observation time and is more aware of the need for incidental observations. The practitioner has a better understanding of the importance of gathering information from a range of contexts, both inside and outside the setting. Observations should be a constant source of vital information concerning both the childrens and the settings development. They should form a fair, rounded and holistic record over a period of time. The practitioner will address their observations during the settings weekly planning meeting and will share information between practitioners. The practitioner further understands the need for the effective implementation of observations and their impact on the future planning of the setting to facilitate the learning needs of all the children. As Fisher (2000. P.19) says, ensure that the planned curriculum is appropriate. This leads to planning that is tailor-made for each child because the foundations of learning are unique. The evaluation of the setting which involves all staff helps to ensure that the learning environment supports children in initiating their own learning. The practitioner is fully aware that observations must be fed into the assessment process for individual children. Parents will be further encouraged to contribute to observations through informal and formal discussions with the practitioner. Proformas will be used to ensure consistency of information within each type of observation. Photographic evidence will be annotated to support observations to document the childrens learning. Sharman, Cross and Vennis (2007, p.2) cites the work of CACHE (2005) who states that play workers exist to support childrens natural play and they do this by creating spaces where play can happen. Then they unobtrusively observe, intervene very occasionally, and then reflect on what they have seen and done. Appendices. Appendix 1 Observation 1 : Free Description / Narrative. Date : 23rd October 2012 Time Commenced : 09:40 Time Completed : 09:45 Number of Children : 3 Area : Ty Bach Twt Name of Child : Child A Age : 2yrs 3mths Aim : To observe the behaviour of Child A during free play. Objectives : To observe and record Child As ability to share. Child A is playing in the home corner of the setting with 2 other children. Child A snatches a doll from Child B. Child B does not attempt to take the doll back. Child A puts the doll in a pushchair. Child C takes hold of the handles of the pushchair and tries to push it. Child A begins to scream and grabs the handles of the pushchair. Child A pulls the pushchair away from Child C. Child C keeps hold of the pushchair. Child A keeps one hand on the pushchair and uses the other hand to pinch Child C on the face. A practitioner intervenes at this point. The practitioner speaks to Child A. Dont do that. It isnt nice. You mustnt pinch. It hurts. Child B was playing with the doll. Can you give the doll back to child B please. Would you like to play with this doll instead? Child A lowers her head. The practitioner asks Child A to look at her. Child A does not respond. The practitioner asks Child A to look at her again. Child A makes eye contact with the practitioner. P-Can you give the doll back to Child B please. You can play with this doll if you want to. Child A gives the doll back to Child B. P-Can you say sorry to Child B for snatching the doll? Child A Sorry. P-Da iawn Child A. You can have a turn of that doll when Child B has finished playing with it. P-Child C wants to play with the pushchair with you. He is your friend. You will make Child C sad if you pinch him. Can you say sorry to Child C please for pinching him. Child A Sorry. P-Da iawn. Merch dda. Can you push the baby together? Thats a nice thing to do. Maen neis i rannu. Child A nods. Child A and Child C push the pushchair across the room. Child A grabs Child Cs hands and pinches them. Child C lets go of the pushchair and Child A runs across the room with it. The same practitioner intervenes. Conclusion : Child A wanted to play with a doll that was being played with by Child B. Child A snatched the doll from Child B and did not ask if she could play with it. When Child C attempted to use the pushchair that Child A was playing with, Child A screamed and pinched Child C on the face. Later, Child A agreed to allow Child C to push the pushchair with her, but after a very short period of time Child A pinched Child Cs hands. Child A ran across the room with the pushchair when Child C let go of it. Evaluation : Child A is not able to share or take turns. She does not communicate appropriately with her peers when she wants to play with something. She is not able to wait until the other child has finished playing with the item before taking it. Child A is able to apologise when supported by a practitioner. Recommendations : Give opportunities to practice sharing and turn taking skills through carefully planned activities. Encourage the child to share and remind them that it is nice to share with their friends. Give immediate praise when child shares or takes turns. Appendix 2 Observation 2 : Time Sampling. Date : 2nd November 2012 Time Commenced : 10:20 Time Completed : 10:27 Number of Children : 2 Area : Maths Area Name of Child : Child A Age : 2yrs 3mths Aim : To observe a target child interacting with a child of similar age whilst playing in the maths area. Objectives : To observe and record Child As social interactions. Child A has just entered the maths area and looks at the jigsaw puzzles on the table. Child A approaches the table and starts to take the pieces out of the jigsaw. Another child is already playing in the area. Child B takes a plastic box from a shelving unit and begins to shake it. Child A looks at Child B and the box. Child A approaches Child B and attempts to take the box from her. Child B does not allow Child A to take the box. Child A hits Child B on the arm then pinches it. Child B starts to cry. Child B continues to hold the plastic box. Child A looks around the setting and makes eye contact with a practitioner. Child A lowers her head and looks at the floor. Child A lets go of the plastic box. The practitioner walks over to Child A and kneels down. The practitioner asks Child A to look at her. Child A does not respond. The practitioner again asks Child A to look at her.